A survey used phone interviews with Black (n=137) and White (n=149) patients with IBD from 2005 to 2008.

^aAfter adjusting for age, age at diagnosis, sex, comorbidity, health insurance payer, educational attainment, income, and prolonged steroid use³

Limitations: The patient population was from a tertiary medical center, which often includes more patients with chronic steroid use and more-severe illness than would be observed in a community setting. Health utilization data were based on patients self-reporting. Medical records used in the study might not provide a comprehensive assessment of healthcare utilization; most patients received care at additional healthcare institutions. Patients in this study may not represent the larger IBD patient population.³

An analysis of the availability and geographic accessibility of pharmacies in the 30 most populous US cities was conducted from 2007 to 2015, looking for “pharmacy deserts.”^4,a

^aDefined as a neighborhood >1 mile from the nearest pharmacy or a neighborhood >0.5 mile from the nearest pharmacy where >20% of residents are low income and >100 households lack access to cars.

Limitations: The study may have underestimated the availability and geographic accessibility of preferred pharmacies because Black and Hispanic/Latino neighborhoods are more likely to have independent stores that are disproportionately excluded from preferred pharmacy networks. Data were evaluated from the 30 most populous US cities based on total, not minority, population. Therefore, cities with persistent racial/ethnic residential segregation and a large minority population but with fewer than 500,000 residents were not included in these analyses.⁴